Heart surgery is done to correct problems with the heart. After the medical approach or for the severe conditions cardiac surgery is the option to treat the cardiac diseases. Anaesthesiologist’s involvement for the purpose of diagnostic and interventional procedures in cardiac catheterization laboratory has been evolving particularly since last two decades. Sedation and Anaesthesia is requiring to unconscious the patient to precede the cardiac surgery. Cardiac surgical process includes various terms as cardiovascular surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons, Open heart surgery in the chest is cut open and surgery is performed on the muscles, valves, or arteries of the heart and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) which is useful in preventing sudden death in patients with known, sustained ventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation. After the certain time the cardiac surgery, monitoring and the evolution is also important.

This tracks mainly discuss about the various surgical procedure are used to treat the cardiac problems as heart transplantation, modern beating heart surgery, neonatal heart surgery, ventricular septal defects surgery, rehabilitation and secondary prevention in cardiology, Pediatric cardiac emergency, transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), cardiac atherectomy, cardiovascular implant devices as well as patent ductus arteriosus and laparoscopy and the modern advancements in the surgical procedure.

A heart transplant is a surgical procedure performed to remove the diseased heart from a patient and replace it with a healthy one from an organ donor. In order to remove the heart from the donor, two or more doctors must declare the donor brain-dead. Before a person can be put on a waiting list for a heart transplant, a doctor makes the determination that this is the best treatment option available for the person's heart failure.  The most common reason is that one or both ventricles have aren't functioning properly and severe heart failure is present. Ventricular failure can happen in many forms of congenital heart disease, but is more common in congenital defects with a single ventricle or if long-standing valve obstruction or leakage has led to irreversible heart failure. While a heart transplant is a major operation, your chance of survival is good, with appropriate follow-up care.

During the past decade, our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) has undergone a remarkable evolution. We review here how these advances have altered our concepts of and clinical approaches to both the chronic and acute phases of CAD. Previously considered a cholesterol storage disease, we currently view atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disorder. Aggressive management of modifiable risk factors reduces cardiovascular events and should accompany appropriate revascularization. The main evaluation factors are Cardiovascular Biology, Blood Cholesterol & Obesity, Family history, Heart Physiology and Computational Biology of Heart etc.

Cardiovascular Diseases are types of heart disease observed in children and adolescents.  Rheumatic heart diseases are thought to result from an autoimmune response, but the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. As many as 39% of patients with acute rheumatic fever may develop varying degrees of pancarditis with associated valve insufficiency, heart failure, pericarditis, and even death.

This track include more about the acute coronary syndromes, Congestive Heart Failure, inflammatory heart diseases, Pediatric angina pectoris, ischaemic heart diseases, rheumatic heart diseases, valvular heart diseases, peripheral artery diseases, pulmonary embolism and vascular rings.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The build-up of plaque occurs over many years. If blood flow is not proper to the heart muscle then it is call Angina. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a complex and rare heart defect present at birth (congenital). Over time, CHD can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure and arrhythmias. CHD is the most common type of heart disease.

Main type of heart coronary diseases are; atrial septal defect, Cineangiography, ventricular septal defect, Coarctation of the aorta, transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, acquired heart diseases, aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, pleural effusion, Endocarditis, Atrial Fibrillation and atherosclerosis. About the sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the unexpected death caused by loss of heart function or cardiac stroke.

Some miscellaneous cardiac diseases are cardiomegaly-an enlarged heart. But it's usually caused by high blood pressure (hypertension) or coronary artery disease. Marfan syndrome inherited genetic defect weakens connective tissues- including those in the heart. Cardio-metabolic risk refers to your chances of having diabetes, heart disease or stroke. Kawasaki disease is a rare childhood illness that affects the blood vessels.  A rare birth defect, heterotaxy syndrome usually involves heart defects of varying types and severity.

Under this the major sub-track are cardiovascular diseases in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy, sports cardiology, non-coronary myocardial disease, infectious diseases of the heart, cardio-metabolic disorder, cardio oncology cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Kawasaki disease, Marfan syndrome and heterodoxy syndrome.

Pediatric cardiologists are trained to diagnose and treat heart problems in infants, children and young adults. Severe heart disease generally becomes evident during the first few months after birth. Some babies are blue or have very low blood pressure shortly after birth. Other defects cause breathing difficulties, feeding problems, or poor weight gain. Pediatric cardiologists are help to diagnose the heart diseases based on the medical and family histories, risk factors, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures as Echocardiography  that is very basic test to check whether heart is having any problem or not. After the diagnosis only patient risk factor will determine and treatment will start.

The various diagnosis tests are used for specially heart disease as Pediatric angiocardiography, cardiac solography, electrophysiology test, heart MRI, Fetal echocardiography, Pediatric Interventional Cardiology endothelial function evaluation, electrophysiological studies, blood pressure monitoring and Pediatric nuclear cardiology etc. Pediatric nuclear cardiology studies use non-invasive techniques to assess myocardial blood flow, evaluate the pumping function of the heart as well as visualize the size and location of a heart attack.

Interventional cardiology refers to diagnostics and non-surgical treatments of the heart. Cardiac interventions are used to diagnosis and treat many types of heart disease. Stanford interventional cardiology is a world leader in percutaneous coronary revascularization, which re-establishes blood flow to the heart when its vessels have been damaged or blocked. Each year, the staff of the Section of Invasive and Interventional Cardiology sees thousands of patients with almost every kind of heart disease. Our interventionists treat people of all ages from around the world who have serious, sometimes life-threatening, cardiac conditions.

The early medical management of Heart Failure in infancy, childhood, and adolescence is necessary to save a child life. Pharmacologic therapy represents the mainstay of treatment for heart failure in children. Regenerating heart tissue through stem cell therapy is the new technique to cure the heart diseases.

Other than the use of cardiac drugs, one therapy call, stem cell therapy and most commonly medicine use to treat or prevent the cardiac diseases are diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, beta blockers, cardiac glycosides, antiplatelet agent, inotropic therapy, statins or cholesterol reducing drugs, prostaglandins inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers etc. These are the main category of medicines used to treat the heart diseases.

Surgeons have tried for centuries to help patients suffering from heart disease or trauma, but only recently has their desire been matched by knowledge, experience and technology.  Recently many new and important reports about advances in cardiac surgery have been presented. With respect to congenital heart disease, coronary artery diseases, Valvular disease, novel surgeries, atrial fibrillation and therapeutics are introduced according to recent report. The related subtopics are medical apparatus an instruments are presented as septation of single ventricle with double-patch procedure, anatomical repair for Epstein’s anomaly, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, trans-catheter aortic valve implantation, minimally invasive heart bypass surgery, radiofrequency ablation, artificial pacemaker, cardiac rehabilitation and valve-sparing aortic root replacement.

Cardiac catheterization of infants and children is a highly specialized procedure, which is performed in selected circumstances for additional diagnostic information. In addition, an increasing number of cardiac catheterization procedures are therapeutic and permanently correct or improve the underlying congenital heart condition, avoiding the need for open-chest surgery. Electrophysiological catheterization procedures allow detailed investigation of heart rhythm abnormalities, and ablation procedures cure certain abnormal heart rhythms. Cardiac catheterization is what is called an invasive procedure, meaning it involves going into the body through the skin. However, it is a minimally invasive procedure and is not considered "open" surgery since it's performed without making any large incisions. Usually the only sign that a person has had the procedure is a small puncture hole where the catheter was inserted, usually in the groin area, but sometimes in the arm or neck.

The cardiac critical care unit is staffed by a multidisciplinary team of health care providers who work collaboratively to provide high quality care for this critically ill patient population. The team includes an attending cardiologist, a pulmonary critical care intensivist, an attending physician specializing in heart failure and a cardiac fellow-in-training. The Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) looks after people who are seriously ill with heart or lung problems. It normally takes patients who have just come out from the operating theatre – up to eight a day. Purpose-built and specially designed for intensive care patients, the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit opened in Southampton General Hospital's £60m North Wing in 2007. The 15-bed unit (which has the capacity eventually to care for 16 ICU patients) is close to the Wessex Cardiac Unit's state-of-the-art catheter labs, operating theatres and dedicated cardiac MRI scanner. Patients have one-to-one care from a specialist nurse, and the unit prides itself on its highly trained multi-disciplinary team. Physiotherapists, dietitians, consultants, nurses and administrative staff all work together to deliver a high level of care to patients.

Research in Cardiology field comprises all aspects related to the physiology and pathology of the structure and function of the heart and the cardiovascular system, including their regulation by neuronal and humoral mechanisms, cardiovascular safety pharmacology etc. To see the drug effects on heart, scientists prefer to do clinical trials on the animals. Because of long term Malnutrition also cardiac disorder will develop in body. With the international Pediatric Cardiology 2016 Meetings or events we will get to know about the new advancements coming from different research in cardiology field.

This session mainly focus on the research on cardiology filed as clinical monitoring, case studies, cardiovascular genetics, adverse drug reaction, clinical trial management system, and experimental models of cardiovascular diseases.

Pediatric Cardiology-2016 welcomes all the Pediatricians, Cardiologists, Researchers, Student Communities, Academic & Business Delegates from Medical, Health Care institutions to join this conference in Las Vages, USA. The Conference provides an excellent opportunity to share, exchange knowledge and establish research collaborations and networking. Pediatric Cardiology-2016 is an initiative to bring together the diverse communities working in the field of cardiology to help millions of children fighting with heart diseases, for better treatment and medication alternatives.